https://cph.samt.ac.ir/ Comparative Philosophy en daily 1 Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://cph.samt.ac.ir/article_736099.html Explaining the transcendent social spirituality corresponding to the needs of today's human being is of special importance and necessity in the horizon of the thought of the Rabbani scholars. A spirituality whose epistemological geometry can be defined and regulated in the areas and levels: 1. Visionary/Attitude 2. Tendency/Spiritual 3. Action/Method, focused on the four areas of beliefs, spirituality, rulings and sociality. Thus, the central question is what is the transcendent social spirituality in the horizon of the thought of Allameh Tabataba'i, Imam Khomeini and Master Shahid Motahari? In this article, the answer to this question was given after citing the thoughts and opinions of each of the mentioned scholars using a descriptive-analytical method, the findings of which are as follows: a) In transcendental spirituality, "nature" is the gateway to spirituality, "wilayah" is the carrier of spirituality, "rationality" is the foundation of spirituality, "Sharia" is the roadmap of spirituality, "servitude" is the manifestation of spirituality, "justice" is the indicator of spirituality, "politics" is the objectivity of spirituality, and "monotheism" is the goal of spirituality, and "modern Islamic civilization" is the manifestation and symbol of spirituality. b) Transcendental social spirituality is based on three ontological, anthropological, and epistemological foundations and the four originalities: spirit, nature, unseen, and Sharia. c) Transcendental social spirituality consists of various ranges of components, some of which are: 1. Monotheistic, servile, wilaya 2. Sharia-oriented, social, and civilizational 3. Justice-centered, life-building, moderation, and resistance-oriented balance. D) The characteristics of transcendent social spirituality also include: 1. Moral value orientation 2... https://cph.samt.ac.ir/article_735453.html At the present essay we are surveying about two important concepts in philosophy of mind and cognition theories, namely "Belief" and "Self" in philosophical standpoints of Hume, Kant and Wittgenstein. In this article we explore correlation between viewpoints of these thinkers; and we show how Hume's impressionism and experimental knowledge theory caused to psychological explanation of Belief and Self. Therefore, we attend to subjective theory of Kant about Belief and Self; and we study Kant's critical position in this case and his appraise on Hume's viewpoint about Belief and Self. In continue, we present linguistic standpoint of Wittgenstein about Belief and Self and its relation to Hume's and Kant's viewpoint. At last, we consider to revolution of these standpoints. In conclusion, we sight how linguistic epistemology of Wittgenstein is related to Hume and Russel's empirical explanation of Self and Belief and subjective stand point of Kant and how this linguistic theory helps to contemporary philosophy of mind and cognition. https://cph.samt.ac.ir/article_735454.html The present study conducts a comparative analysis of the concepts of pleasure and pain in Islamic theology, from the perspective of Mu'tazilite scholar Qāḍī 'Abd al-Jabbār, and in ancient Greek philosophy, according to Epicurus. The core issue is examining the nature of pleasure and pain and their impact on human life and ethics. The method involves analyzing relevant philosophical and theological texts through critical reading and comparative analysis within both intellectual frameworks.Results show both thinkers consider pleasure and pain fundamental, perceptual human concepts, emphasizing the role of desire, aversion, benefit, and knowledge in shaping experience. Both argue, through different reasoning, that pleasure and pain are not attributable to God but are specific to transient beings. Divergently, 'Abd al-Jabbār views them as indefinable, subjective psychological states, while Epicurus interprets them as natural phenomena from atomic interactions of body and soul. 'Abd al-Jabbār emphasizes the superiority of lasting spiritual pleasures, contrasting with Epicurus's materialist view, though Epicurus also prioritizes stable mental pleasures. 'Abd al-Jabbār's ethical system is rooted in rational good/evil and an act's relation to pleasure/pain, whereas Epicurean ethics is based on moderate, natural hedonism. The study highlights the importance of these concepts for ethical philosophy and education, positing rational understanding as a guide for ethical choices. https://cph.samt.ac.ir/article_735455.html Justice, as a foundational concept in philosophy, ethics, and education, has long attracted the attention of thinkers across various intellectual traditions. This study aims to comparatively examine the concept of justice in the thought of Emmanuel Levinas and Allameh Tabataba’i, and to analyze its educational implications. Employing a qualitative methodology and a comparative approach, data were collected through document analysis of the primary and interpretive works of both thinkers and analyzed using Brady’s four-stage model.Findings indicate that justice in Levinas’s thought is ethically oriented, intersubjective, and pre-political, emerging from the encounter with the “Other” and the unconditional responsibility toward them. Within this framework, education is a moral and human process emphasizing the cultivation of ethical conscience, respect for differences, and responsiveness. In contrast, justice in Tabataba’i’s thought is rational, conventional, and rooted in human nature, defined within the context of social order and practical reason. Education in this view is a rational, ethical, and religious process aimed at holistic human development and the realization of ultimate perfection.The comparison reveals that despite epistemological and teleological differences, there are notable similarities in their educational principles and moral training methods. Accordingly, a hybrid model is proposed that emphasizes both individual moral responsibility in encountering the Other and rational-social guidance toward human flourishing. This model can serve as a basis for rethinking educational policies, teacher training, and the design of justice-oriented curricula in contemporary educational systems https://cph.samt.ac.ir/article_733653.html The rapid developments in artificial intelligence in recent decades have raised fundamental questions about the relationship between “understanding” and “meaning” in the digital context. Using a descriptive-analytical method and an interdisciplinary approach, this article examines the relationship between the historical development of artificial intelligence and digital hermeneutics, and shows that the concept of “understanding” has been redefined many times in the course of the growth of this technology; from formal computation and symbolism to machine learning, neural networks, and large-scale language models. Alongside this historical review, hermeneutic and theological analysis makes it clear that artificial intelligence, despite its ability to reproduce text and identify semantic patterns, lacks lived experience, historical horizon, and existential intention. Accordingly, the demarcation between “instrumental efficiency” and “existential understanding” is considered a fundamental necessity for explaining the place of artificial intelligence in the digital age. This article shows that digital hermeneutics can provide a platform for critical dialogue between new technologies and philosophical and religious traditions, thereby helping to rethink fundamental existential and epistemological concepts. https://cph.samt.ac.ir/article_735456.html Motivational systems in human resource management are commonly designed on the basis of implicit assumptions about human rationality that are rarely subjected to philosophical scrutiny. The predominance of instrumental approaches within these systems raises fundamental questions concerning the relationship between efficiency, autonomy, and human dignity. This article examines the rational foundations underlying motivational systems and explores their ethical and managerial implications.The aim of this study is to provide a comparative analysis of instrumental rationality in the thought of Max Weber and the concept of autonomy in Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy, and to clarify the relevance of these frameworks for human resource management. The research adopts a theoretical and foundational orientation and employs an analytical–interpretive comparative methodology. Data are drawn from a critical examination of classical philosophical texts and authoritative contemporary literature in philosophy and management.The findings indicate that instrumental rationality primarily operates at the level of organizational systems and structures, where it serves to coordinate action and enhance efficiency. By contrast, Kantian autonomy is grounded at the level of the acting subject and is concerned with the normative justification of action. Extending instrumental rationality uncritically to the level of individual action reduces motivation to external incentives and risks undermining moral autonomy. The article argues that autonomy can function as a normative criterion for ethically constraining instrumental rationality in the design of motivational systems.The study concludes that a philosophically informed rethinking of motivational systems is essential to avoid the instrumentalization of human beings within organizational contexts https://cph.samt.ac.ir/article_719905.html The article in front of you is a brief explanation about the "basic mysticism philosophy" that provides material in three areas of the foundations, internal components and results of this philosophy.Almost four centuries have passed since Sadra's philosophy. And our philosophy is stuck in stagnation at the borders of this philosophy. Although the continuous flourishing of philosophy always remains. Because "truth" has no limits; And therefore, the discovery of "truth" has no end; Therefore, it is very necessary to move the caravan of Islamic-Iranian philosophy one step forward.The new philosophy that the author has reached after more than four decades of practice with philosophical and mystical topics is the "Philosophy of Basic Mysticism", which is based on the "unity of existence"; In the formation of a group related to this philosophy, steps have been taken; These steps include the basics step, the step of public affairs, the step of the basics of special theology, the step of special theology and the step of creation. https://cph.samt.ac.ir/article_728668.html Article Title: The Rule of "Simple Truth" in Transcendent Wisdom and Its Critique from the Perspective of Mysticism.Is the rule of "simple truth", which is one of the most important principles in transcendental wisdom, acceptable from a mystical point of view or not?This rule is one of the famous rules that was very important in the wisdom of His Highness Sadrai that has been highly regarded in the transcendent wisdom of Sadra. And has been used to prove important claims . like proving the objectivity of the essential attributes of God with the essence of God and proving God's knowledge of beings before creating possibilities. The argument that Sadr al-Muta'allehin makes to prove this rule is that if the simple truth does not have all beings, then her truth is composed of having something and not having and this is against his simplicity.According to the author, from a mystical point of view, this rule has problems both in terms of the principle of the claim, in terms of its argument, and in terms of the consequences that follow from it because being has no multiplicity and the reason given to prove the claim is violated. And the truth of God has no attribute.Therefore, in the dispute between philosophers and mystics in this regard, the opinion of mystics is preferable; In the present article, we have dealt with these issues . https://cph.samt.ac.ir/article_732987.html One of the prominent phenomena in contemporary and non-religious mysticism, which has rapidly spread among various social groups in recent years, is the “Law of Attraction”; a law whose fundamental elements include concepts such as the sentience of beings and vibration. In this law, the sentience and vibration of beings are explained in relation to one another based on specific principles and particular goals, often leaving little room for foundational religious values—although at times these teachings may align with certain religious concepts. One such point of convergence is the notion of beings’ glorification in the Qur’an, which presupposes a form of awareness for each entity. Comparative analysis shows that while the “sentience of beings” in the Qur’an can generally support the principle of intelligence and consciousness in the world, the manner of explanation and the discourse used in the Law of Attraction differ significantly from revealed teachings. Moreover, although religious texts assign profound individual and social effects to human intentions, thoughts, and mental states, the concept of “vibration” in the Law of Attraction fundamentally diverges from what is presented in Qur’anic teachings and includes numerous propositions that lack solid argumentative support.This study, using a library-based method and an analytical-critical approach, examines and compares the two main components of the Law of Attraction—sentience and vibration of beings—from the perspective of revealed teachings, demonstrating that while some claims of this law are compatible with religious principles, a significant portion suffers from foundational deficiencies and serious inconsistencies.